Ryujo

Ryujo was an odd-looking ship, to say the least, with her bridge running across the breadth of the hanger deck forward, and her distinctive undulating sheer line. I don't quite know why, but I've always kind of considered her a bit of a scow. But lately I've been re-assessing my opinion. She was actually a rather handy little carrier, and managed to carry 30+ aircraft on a pretty small displacement. The Japanese undoubtedly found her very useful in the early portions of the war for supplying air cover for various amphibious operations. She was lost during the Battle of the Eastern Solomons on August 24, 1942. - (Jon Parshall)

Additional Details and Modifications - (By Anthony Tully and Gilbert Casse):

9 May 1933:
Originally designed with only a single hanger, the Navy doubled her aircraft stowage requirement to 48 aircraft in order to give her a more useful air group. This necessited the addition of a second hanger atop the first. Coupled with the vessel's light displacement and narrow beam, the end result produces an unacceptable degree of instability in rough seas despite being fitted with Sperry gyro-stabilization.

General Layout. Note aft position of rear elevator and hangar arrangements.

First Refit:

In June-September 1933 RYUJO undergoes sea trials and training exercises for her air group consisting of 9 Mitsubishi Type 13 B1M2 (+3 spares) attack aircraft and 3 Nakajima Type 3 (+2 spares) A1N1 fighters. A maximum speed of 29 knots is achieved but the vessel is deemed very wet under moderate sea conditions due to much shipping water by the bows and a general lack of stability. Because of this and findings made from the inquiry to the disaster to torpedo boat TOMOZURU on 12 March 1934, on 26 May 1934 RYUJO enters dock at Kure Naval Yard for a refit and extensive modifications to address stability problems. Changes include strengthening of the keel, addition of ballast keel, addition of enlarged bulges to either side of the hull and the removal of the aft two-twin 12.7-cm AA gun mountings to reduce top weight. Those are replaced at the same location by two-twin Type 96 25 mm AA guns mountings. The flight deck is also widened between the forward 12.7-cm (5.0")/40 Type 89 gun mounts and the forward elevator. The funnels are moved up the hull side and now are curving downward; the forward funnel is also enlarged. Those modifications serve to keep the flight deck clear of smoke and fumes. On 20 August 1934 the refit is completed. Displacement is increased to 10,600-ton standard. Undocked.

For just over a year things remained as they were, but on 25 September 1935 the RYUJO among other ships was notably damaged in the "Fourth Fleet Incident" by a typhoon that struck during fleet exercises. Light carriers RYUJO and HOSHO, several cruisers and destroyers suffer damage to their flight decks and superstructure, RYUJO also suffers the flooding of its hangar. The bridge area is heavily buckled and dished in below the windows.

To incorporate the lessons learned from the "Fourth Fleet Incident", on 11 October 1935 RYUJO enters dock at Kure Naval yard for repairs and refit. Reduced to a reserve ship class status. During the next seven months alterations are made to improve the ship's seaworthiness. The carrier's distinctive low forecastle is raised one deck higher by 3.1 m (10 ft) and some flair added to prevent shipping waters in heavy seas. The arrester wires are modernized to stop a 6,000-kg (13,000 lb) aircraft. RYUJO's bridge and front flight deck are rounded; this modification shortens the flight deck by 2 m (6.5 ft). On 31 May 1936 the refit is completed and the carrier undocked.

On 15 November 1939 arrives at Kure, wheupon RYUJO is reduced to reserve ship status. Starting in December and lasting through January 1940 the carrier undergoes various repairs and a reshaping of her flight deck which narrows it back to the original width between the forward 12.7-cm (5.0”)/40 Type 89 gun mounts and the forward elevator.

Fourth Refit

On 28 April 1942 enters Kure Naval Base’s drydock for maintenance and refit. It appears RYUJO now received an AA upgrade. Though some sources state that RYUJO's light AA armament was altered at the outbreak of the war, given her schedule, May 1942 seems more likely for when RYUJO’s light AA six-quad Type 93 13.2 mm MGs are probably replaced by six-triple Type 96 25mm guns. She retains amidships her two-twin Type 96 25 mm guns.

Loss of RYUJO

During the Battle of the Eastern Solomons, despite conflicting reports, the most reliable affirm three confirmed bomb hits and a fourth very probable, with one torpedo hit in the starboard engine room as per this diagram of the damage reported to RYUJO. What is of interest is how much of the damage was concentrated near the edge of the flight deck starboard, which might explain the lack of obvious damage in verticals noted in her TROM. Note the torpedo hit to starboard in the engine room and a bomb hit just forward of it in nearly the same area but likely breaching the transverse bulkhead and opening the aftmost starboard boiler room as well; the resultant inundation of both compartments causing great flooding. It is worth noting that one of the better attested U.S. torpedo hit claims is one on the port forward, and the Japanese do note an "effective near-miss" with underwater damage in this area. Another torpedo by luck passed under the stern. - (Tully)